Stylistic Analysis of “Arrowsmith” by Sinclair Lewis

Text Analyses â€Å"Arrowsmith† by Sinclair Lewis Starting reading the extract from the novel of the first American awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature one can predict that the whole book is quite subjective. The description of the geographical position of the state Winnemac and its largest city makes exactly such impression. But when the reader goes on he faces really vivid examples of hyperbola, epithets, zeugma, metaphors and other stylistic devices. One becomes immersed in the bright, humorous and at the same time critical world of Sinclair Lewis.The author mocks at the weak points of education, at ridiculous university traditions and the life of students in general. The title of the story â€Å"Arrowsmith† depicts the surname of the main character. It is a quite rare English surname. The second part of the compound â€Å"Smith† means a person who does something extraordinary. An arrow is usually associated with reaching a goal. The surname Arrowsmith is su itable for a person who is initiative, able to think critically, who is patient and persuasive in doing his job.Martin Arrowsmith is just this type of a person. For his shyness he is an attractive young man devoted to his studying. The author describes his university experience. The story is a 3-d person narration. It emphasizes that the author is not a participant of the events but just an observer. The description of the university of Winnemac is full of exaggeration . Its comparison to Oxford and Harvard, â€Å"its buildings measured by the mile† are good examples of hyperbole.The enumeration of the disciplines taught at Winnemac is used to show the great variety of useless subjects that students should cope with and to depict the broad specialization of universities where Doctors of Philosophy just â€Å"give rapid instructions†. Sinclair Levis says that such variety of subjects can’t guarantee a good quality of education. The epithets â€Å"leisury nonsenc e†, â€Å" snobbish college† are contradicted by a bright metaphor – the university â€Å"is a mill to turn out men and women who will lead moral lives†¦Ã¢â‚¬  .All these devices help the reader to catch the sight of irony which is used more vividly in the sentence where the university is compared to a Ford Motor Factory. It is also a metaphor and this hidden comparison is used to mention that the work of a college is standardized and there is no ground for developing creative thinking, different from the standard one. Everything is designed to produce ordinary people ready to serve for the society. The characteristic of Martin is also very bright. Talking about his prospects the author uses enumeration: a respectable runner, a fair basketball center, a savage hockey player.The example of metaphor is â€Å"The University has become his world†. It puts emphasis on Martin’s loneliness and devotion to studying. Describing Digamma Pi Sinclair Lew is uses zeugma: â€Å"It was a lively boarding-house with a billiard table and low prices†, â€Å"In a fraternity, all tennis rackets, trousers and opinions are held in common†. Then goes oxymoron â€Å"comfortably immoral† . Everything depicts the doubtful reputation of the fraternity. The conversation between Martin and Ira Hinkley is spiced with antithesis â€Å"high ideals- tortured bodies† and oxymoron â€Å"rottenest advantages†.But the most vivid is the description of Fatty Pfaff. Here Sinclair Lewis uses irony saying that he was â€Å"the most useful to Digamma Pi†, simile â€Å" he looked like a distended hot – water bottle†, oxymoron â€Å" he was magnificently imbecile†, bright enumeration â€Å"he believed everything, he knew nothing, he could memorize nothing†. All these stylistic devises help to create the vivid image of Fatty, his appearance and foolish innocence. On the example of this character th e author shows stupid traditions and cruel behavior of the students.But still in every company there is such butt to whom â€Å"thoughtful house-mates† (irony again) like to play tricks. The metaphor â€Å"the living room suggested a recent cyclone† is the most suitable for the description of Digamma Pi. Then goes the enumeration of a great many of things that can be found there. Everything is used to show the way of life of students. Sinclair Lewis is a master of stylistic devises. His irony is vivid, his metaphor is bright, he forces the reader to think over the most burning problems of education and the lifestyle of students at the same time entertaining the public.

A Review of Rene Descartes Meditations on First Philosophy

INTRODUCTION This article is a summary of Rene Descarte’s Meditation on First Philosophy. It seeks, as permitted by the Meditator himself, in his letter to the reader, to examine his treatise with the possibility of instituting change if necessary. †¦I doubt not, if you but condescend to pay so much regard to this treatise as to be willing in the first place to correct it (for mindful not only of my humanity, but chiefly also of my ignorance, I do not affirm that it is free from errors); in the second place to supply what is wanting in it, to perfect what is incomplete, and to give more ample illustration where it is demanded, or at least to indicate these defects to myself that i may endeavour to remedy them;1He starts his meditations which spans over a period of six days by sitting himself, I dare say, comfortably, by the fire side†¦ MEDITATION I SKEPTICAL DOUBT IN THE First Meditation, the meditator expounds the grounds on which we may doubt generally all things, and especially material objects, so long at least, as we have no other foundations for the sciences than those we have before now possessed. The meditator was struck by how many false things he had believed, and by how doubtful the structure of beliefs he had based on them.He realized that if he wanted to establish anything in the sciences that was stable and likely to last, he needed – just once – to demolish everything completely and start again from the foundations. I can do this without showing that all my beliefs are false, which is probably more than I could ever manage. My reason tells me that as well as withholding assent from propositions that are obviously false, I should also withhold it from ones that are not completely certain and indubitable.So all I need, for the purpose of rejecting all my opinions, is to find in each of them at least some reason for doubt. I can do this without going through them one by one, which would take forever: once 1 Rene Descar tes, Meditations on First Philosophy, (Start Publishing LLC: eBook edition, 2012) kobo file. the foundations of a building have been undermined, the rest collapses of its own accord; so I will go straight for the basic principles on which all my former beliefs rested. Whatever I have accepted until now as most true has come to me through my senses.But occasionally I have found that they have deceived me, and it is unwise to trust completely those who have deceived us even once. 2 The Meditator goes further to say that although our sense perceptions deceive us yet one could not possibly doubt all of what one has come to know through the senses for example, his seating by the fire, clothed in a winter dressing gown or that he is truly in possession of this arms and legs. This led to what is popularly referred to as the dream argument where he argues that; I often have perceptions very much like the ones I usually have in sensation while I am dreaming.There are no definite signs to dis tinguish dream experience from waking experience. therefore, It is possible that I am dreaming right now and that all of my perceptions are false3 Objection to the dream argument: It could be argued that the images we form in dreams can only be composed of bits and pieces of real experience combined in novel ways. Therefore, Although we have reason to doubt the surface perceptual qualities of our perception, we have no reason to doubt the properties that we perceive the basic components of our experience to have. In particular, there is no reason to doubt the mathematical properties that material bodies in general have. )4 The First Meditation can thus be seen as presenting skeptical doubts as a subject of study in their own right. Certainly, skepticism is a much discussed and hotly debated topic in philosophy, even today. Descartes was noticeably the first to raise the mystifying question of how we can claim to know with certainty anything about the world around us. The idea is not that these doubts are 2 â€Å"Rene Descartes 1639.Meditations on First Philosophy in which are demonstrated the existence of God and the distinction between the human soul and the body. † marxists. org. n. p. n. d.. http://www. marxists. org/reference/archive/ descartes/1639/meditations. htm (accessed April 10, 2013). 3 Banach, David. â€Å"An Outline of Descartes's Meditations on First Philosophy. † anslem. edu. Creative Commons License. 2006. http://www. anselm. edu/homepage/dbanach/medol. htm (accessed April 10, 2013). 4 Banach, ‘An Outline†¦ philosophy. ’ op. cit. robable, but that their possibility can never be entirely ruled out. And if we can never be certain, how can we claim to know anything? Skepticism cuts straight to the heart of the Western philosophical enterprise and its attempt to provide a certain foundation for our knowledge and understanding of the world. It can even be pushed so far as to be read as a challenge to our very notion of rationality. Skepticism cannot be lived, we as individuals cannot possibly doubt everything as this will lead to an infinite regress.We should note that Descartes' doubt is a methodological and rational doubt. That is, the Meditator is not just doubting everything at random, but is providing solid reasons for his doubt at each stage. For instance, he rejects the possibility that he might be mad, since that would undercut the rationality that motivates his doubt. Descartes is trying to set up this doubt within a rational framework, and needs to maintain a claim to rationality for his arguments to proceed. MEDITATION II OF THE NATURE OF THE HUMAN MIND; AND THAT IT IS MORE EASILY KNOWN THAN THE BODYDay two of the meditation sees the meditator still in doubt, following Archimedes, the meditator attempts to find a starting point or at least one point which he would not doubt. I will nevertheless, make an effort, and try anew the same path on which I had entered yesterday, that is, pro ceed by casting aside all that admits of the slightest doubt, not less than if I had discovered it to be absolutely false; and will continue always in this track until I shall find something that is certain, or at least, if I can do nothing more, until I shall know with certainty that there is nothing certain.Archimedes, that he might transport the entire globe from the place it occupied to another, demanded only a point that was firm and immovable; so, also, I shall be entitled to entertain the highest expectations, if I am fortunate enough to discover only one thing that is certain and indubitable. 5 Recalling the previous meditation, he supposes that what he sees does not exist, that his memory is faulty, that he has no senses and no body, that extension, movement and place are mistaken notions. Perhaps, he remarks, the only certain thing remaining is that there is no certainty. Descartes, ‘On†¦ Philosophy. ’ op. cit. kobo file The meditator then wonders, is he not, the source of these meditations? (that is after doubting his existence; of his body and senses) does that mean he cannot exist either? He has also noted that the physical world does not exist, which might also seem to imply his nonexistence. And yet to have these doubts, he must exist. For an evil demon to mislead him in all these cunnuing ways, he must exist in order to be misled. There must be an â€Å"I† that can doubt, be deceived, and so on.He formulates the famous cogito argument, saying: â€Å"So that it must, in fine, be maintained, all things being maturely and carefully considered, that this proposition (pronunciatum) I am, I exist, is necessarily true each time it is expressed by me or conceived in my mind. â€Å"6 The cogito argument is so called because of its Latin formulation in the Discourse on Method: â€Å"cogito ergo sum† (â€Å"I think, therefore I am†). This is possibly the most famous single line in all of philosophy, and is generall y considered the starting point for modern Western philosophy.In it, the Meditator finds his first grip on certainty after the radical skepticism he posited in the First Meditation. The cogito presents a picture of the world and of knowledge in which the mind is something that can know itself better than it can know anything else. 7 The latter part of the Second Meditation dwells largely on the â€Å"Wax Argument† with which the meditator hopes to show that we come to know things through the intellect rather than through the senses and that we know the mind better than anything else. His argument focuses on the process of change by which solid wax melts into a liquid puddle.The senses seem to tell us things about the world, and Descartes admits that what we know about the solid piece of wax we know through the senses. The senses can similarly inform us about the melted wax, but they cannot tell us that the melted wax and the solid wax are one and the same. Nor, the meditator argues, can the imagination. Only the intellect can organize and make sense of what we perceive. The senses only perceive a disconnected jumble of information: the intellect is what helps us to understand it. 6 7 ibid, kobo file. SparkNotes Editors. â€Å"SparkNote on Meditations on First Philosophy. † SparkNotes LLC. n. d.. ttp:// www. sparknotes. com/philosophy/meditations/ (accessed April 12, 2013). MEDITATION III. OF GOD: THAT HE EXISTS At the beginning of Meditation III, the meditator finds a whole host of truths which he holds we can know for certain. These truths involve the causal or representational theory of perception. This theory holds that we directly perceive ideas which are caused by objects in the external world. Descartes claims that we can know for certain that we are seeing a particular idea (of the sun or the stars or this room or that tree), what we don't know for certain is if there is a sun or stars or a room or tree ausing our ideas). The meditator goe s on to produce a criterion for truths which we can know for absolute certainty. He does this by reflecting on those truths which he has already discovered using the method of doubt, and determines that what they all have in common is that the ideas in them are all clear and distinct. Thus any truth composed of clear and distinct ideas can be known for certain. Descartes then proceeds to try to move from the foundation, to determine what truths might be based on those truths. The first thing he must do, as it turns out is to prove that God exists!Without doing this he cannot get rid of the Evil Demon hypothesis. 8 When considering God as â€Å"a substance that is infinite, eternal, immutable, independent, supremely intelligent, supremely powerful, and which created both myself and everything else,† the Meditator realizes that the idea of God must have far more objective reality than he has formal reality: God is an infinite substance whereas he is only a finite substance. Sin ce the idea of God cannot have originated in himself, he concludes that God must be the cause of this idea and must therefore necessarily exist.The Meditator counters the argument that he might conceive of an infinite being through negation, that is, through conceiving of it in contrast to his own finite being. Doubts and desires come from an understanding that we lack something, and we would not be aware of that lack unless we were aware of a more perfect being that has those things which we lack. While he can doubt the existence of other things, he cannot doubt the existence of God, since he has such a clear and distinct perception 8OSU. â€Å"the meditations. † n. p. n. d. ttp://oregonstate. edu/instruct/phl302/philosophers/meditations. html (accessed April 13,2013). of God's existence. The idea has infinite objective reality, and is therefore more likely to be true than any other idea. The Meditator then entertains the possibility that he may be supremely perfect, that al l his deficiencies are potentialities within him, and that he is slowly improving toward perfection. If perfection is a potentiality within him, then it is plausible that the idea of God could be conceived in him without any outside cause.The Meditator rejects this possibility for three reasons: first, God is all actual and not at all potential; second, if he is constantly improving, he will never attain that perfection where there is no room for improvement; and third, potential being is not being at all: the idea of God must be caused by something with infinite actual being. If the Meditator could exist without God, he would have come to be out of herself, or from his parents, or from some other being less perfect than God. If he derived his existence from himself, there is no reason that he should have doubts and desires.He also cannot escape this reasoning by supposing he has always existed and never had to come into being. There is no reason that he should continue to exist unl ess there is some force that preserves him, that creates him anew at every instant. As a thinking thing, he should be aware of that power of preservation though it came from within him. If his parents or some other imperfect being created him, this creator must have endowed him with the idea of God. If this creator is a finite being, we must still ask with respect to it how it came to possess the idea of an infinite God.We can trace this chain back through countless creators, but we must ultimately conclude that the idea of God can originate only in God, and not in some finite being. We can thus sum up the third meditation: Every idea must be caused, and the cause must be as real as the idea. If I have any idea of which I cannot be the cause, then something besides me must exist. All ideas of material reality could have their origin within me. But the idea of God, an infinite and perfect being, could not have originated from within me, since I am finite and imperfect. I have an idea of God, and it can only have been caused by God.Therefore God exists. 9 Anderson, JT. â€Å"Summary of Descartes' Meditations on First Philosophy. † n. p. 1999. http://home. sandiego. edu/ ~janderso/10/descart. html. ( accessed April 13, 2013). 9 MEDITATION IV OF TRUTH AND ERROR The Fourth Meditation, subtitled â€Å"Truth and falsity,† opens with the Meditator reflecting on the ground he has covered so far, observing that all his certain knowledge, and in particular the most certain knowledge that God exists, comes from the intellect, and not from the senses or the imagination. Now that he is certain of God's existence, a great deal more can follow.First, he knows that God would not deceive him, since the will to deceive is a sign of weakness or malice, and God's perfection would not allow it. Second, if God created him, God is responsible for his judgment, and so his faculty of judgment must be infallible so long as he uses it correctly. One wonders then following f rom the evil demon argument and the third meditation on the existence of God, how then error comes to play if God is too perfect to be infallible yet He (God) is responsible for our judgement? Error, the meditator believes comes from improper use of our intellect, i. e. in judging things we do not really know.Summation of the fourth meditation is thus: Only an imperfect (less than perfectly good) being could practice deliberate deception. Therefore, God is no deceiver. Since my faculty of judgment comes from God, I can make no mistake as long as I use it properly. But it is not an infinite faculty; I make mistakes when I judge things that I don't really know. God also gave me free will, which is infinite and therefore extends beyond my finite intellect. This is why it is possible to deceive myself: I am free to jump to conclusions or to proclaim as knowledge things that I don't know with absolute certainty.I therefore know now that if I know something with absolute certainty (clearl y and distinctly), then I cannot be mistaken, because God is no deceiver. The correct way to proceed is to avoid mistakes and limit my claims to knowledge to those things I know clearly and distinctly. 10 The Meditator also questions why a supremely good God would not create us with infinite being. In sum, we are given a variant on the answer, â€Å"The Lord works in mysterious ways. † The Meditator suggests that God's motives are beyond our meager comprehension.While on our own, we may be seen as imperfect, we are only a small part of a much larger creation. We might think of a steering wheel on its own as rather useless and imperfect, but when we see it in the larger context of a car, we understand that it is perfectly designed to suit its purpose. 11 10 Anderson, 11 ‘Summary of†¦ Philosophy. ’ op. cit. Sparknote Editors, ‘Sparknotes on†¦ Philosophy. ’ op. cit. MEDITATION V OF THE ESSENCE OF MATERIAL THINGS; AND, AGAIN OF GOD;THAT HE EXIS TS The Fifth Meditation opens with the Meditator turning his attention toward material objects.Rather than inquire into the things themselves, he inquires into her ideas regarding material things. He concludes that he can distinctly imagine extension, size, shape, position, and local motion, which is associated with duration. The Meditator has reasons here that a triangle must have all the properties he ascribes to it, because the triangle exists as an idea in his mind and he clearly and distinctly perceives all these properties. He then reasons by analogy that God exists as an idea in his mind and he clearly and distinctly perceives all of his qualities.One of these qualities is existence, so it follows from his clear and distinct perception that God must exist. If existence is the essence of God, then God would not be God if he did not exist, just as a triangle would not be a triangle if it were not three-sided. At the very least, then, the existence of God must be as certain as t he properties of mathematical and geometrical objects since he can prove them in the same way. Does this mean that thinking of something means that it exists? According to the meditator; If I conceive of a triangle, I must conceive of a figure whose angles equal two right angles.But it doesn't follow that the triangle must exist. But God is different. God, being perfect, is the one being to whom existence must belong. Thus, when I conceive of God, I must conceive of a being that exists. Because God, being perfect, is not a deceiver, I know that once I have perceived something clearly and distinctly to be true, it will remain true, even if later I forget the reasoning that led me to that conclusion. I could not have this certainty about anything if I did not know God. 12 The proof of God's existence found here is a version of a proof that was popular among the Scholastic philosophers.Our idea of God is the idea of a perfect being, and one of the attributes of a perfect being would be existence, since it is more perfect to exist than not to exist. In Descartes' formulation, existence is not just an attribute, but an essential property of God's, so that God cannot be conceived of without existence. This proof, however, rests on the faulty assumption, first pointed out by Kant, that existence is a predicate or a property, like â€Å"being red† or â€Å"being tall. † In fact, â€Å"exists† is a very different kind of predicate than â€Å"is red† or â€Å"is tall. † The predicate â€Å"exists† does not 12Anderson, ‘Summary of†¦ Philosophy. ’ op. cit. modify an object so much as it modifies the world. If I say â€Å"the red car exists,† the property of redness is something that modifies the car. On the other hand, â€Å"exists† does not modify the car so much as it says that the world is such that the car is in it. In that sense, â€Å"exists† is not a property of the car. 13 MEDITATION VI OF THE EXISTENCE OF MATERIAL THINGS, AND OF THE REAL DISTINCTION BETWEEN THE MIND AND BODY OF MAN The meditator starts his sixth and last meditation by drawing a line between imagination and pure understanding.In the case of a triangle, he can perceive that a triangle is three-sided and derive all sorts of other properties using the understanding alone. He can also perceive these properties with the imagination, by picturing the triangle in his mind's eye. However, the weaknesses of the imagination become clear when he considers a thousand-sided figure which the meditator calls a ‘chiliogon. ’14 It is very difficult to picture it in his mind's eye, and more difficult still to differentiate that mental image from the mental image of a 999-sided figure.The pure understanding, however, dealing only in mathematical relations, can perceive all the properties of a thousand-sided figure just as easily as it can a triangle. The imagination cannot be an essential property of his mind, since the Meditator could still exist even if he could not imagine. Therefore, the imagination must rely on something other than the mind for its existence. The Meditator conjectures that the imagination is connected with the body, and thus allows the mind to picture corporeal or tangible objects.In understanding, the mind turns inward upon itself, and in imagining, the mind turns outward toward the body. The Meditator admits that this is only a strong conjecture, and not a definitive proof of the existence of body. The Meditator then turns to reflect on what he perceives by means of the senses. He perceives he has a body that exists in a world, and that this body can experience pleasure, pain, emotion, hunger, etc. , 13 14 Sparknote Editors, ‘Sparknotes on†¦ Philosophy. ’ op. cit. Descartes, ‘On†¦ Philosophy. ’ op. cit. kobo file. nd can perceive other bodies with extension, shape, movement, hardness, heat, color, smell, taste, etc. He thinks it not unreasonable to suppose that these perceptions all come from some outside source. They come to him involuntarily, and they are so much more vivid than the perceptions he consciously creates in his own mind. It would be odd to suggest that he can involuntarily create perceptions so much more vivid than the ones he creates voluntarily. And if they come from without, it is only natural to suppose that the source of these sensory ideas in some way resemble the ideas themselves.From this point of view, it is very easy to convince oneself that all knowledge comes from without via the senses. 15 What Descartes understands by â€Å"body† is somewhat counter-intuitive and is closely linked to his physics, which is not made readily apparent in the Meditations. This section of commentary will depart a bit from the text it comments on in order to clarify some concepts of Cartesian physics. The entirety of Cartesian physics rests on the claim that extension is the primary at tribute of body, and that nothing more is needed to explain or understand body. Extension† means extended in space, and so a body is anything that occupies space. We should recall that Descartes was also a great mathematician, and invented both analytic geometry and the coordinate system that now bears his name. Descartes' physics is highly mathematical, and we should understand bodies as anything that could be graphed in coordinate space. 16 ON THE MIND BODY DUALISM The Meditator muses that he has been puzzled as to why his mind seems particularly attached to one particular body, which he calls his own. Why does he feel pain and tickling in this body but not in any body external to it?And why should a tugging in the stomach of that body suggest to his mind that he should eat, since there is no obvious connection between the tugging and the decision to eat? He concludes that he is inclined by nature to assume the things he does about his body and about the world external to it , since he accepts these assumptions prior to developing any arguments regarding them. The Meditator reasons that imagination and sensory perception are modes of thought. He could conceive of himself without imagination or sensory perception, so they are not essential to him, but 15 16Sparknote Editors, ‘Sparknotes on†¦ Philosophy. ’ op. cit. ibid imagination and sensory perception could not exist without a mind to contain them. Similarly, there are modes of extension that cannot exist without a body to contain them. The Meditator next considers those ideas about body that he perceives only confusedly and obscurely, hoping that his knowledge that God is not a deceiver will help him further. First, he reasons that he must have a body, as nature teaches that to him more vividly than anything. Further, mind and body are intermingled to form one unit.If the mind were in the body like a sailor in a ship, he would be able to perceive pains and hungers by purely intellect ual understanding. Instead, he feels these sensations sharply and directly as if his mind itself were suffering. The confused modes of thinking that arise with respect to these sensations result precisely because the mind and body are intermingled and the mind cannot survey the matter disinterestedly. The Meditator argues that mind and body have nothing in common, so they must be two totally distinct substances.We could point out that Clark Kent and Superman are very dissimilar and are yet the same thing, and so argue by analogy that mind and body might be two very different ways of looking at the same thing. However, even the primary attributes of mind and body are different. Body is essentially extended, whereas mind is non-extended and essentially thinking. Since the two are totally different, the Meditator concludes that he is only mind, and not body. This is a step beyond what is stated by the sum res cogitans in the Second Meditation, as there the Meditator asserts that he onl y knows that he is a thinking thing.This sharp distinction between mind and body is called â€Å"mind-body dualism† and has had tremendous impact on Western philosophy ever since. If sensory experience is in the mind and the bodies that cause our sensations are in the world, the question arises as to how the two can causally interact. What is the connection between mind and world? This has been a great concern in particular for the rationalist philosophers that followed Descartes–Malebranche, Spinoza, and Leibniz being the most important–as well as for philosophy of mind in general ever since. 17 17 ibid. CONCLUSIONThe mind and the body if held as totally distinct from each other leaves no room for interaction. The mind becomes a separate entity as well as the body. The body is extended and occupies space, it is measureable, visible and degenarates hence the body is matter. The mind however is a direct opposite. It cannot be measured, it is not visible and does not occupy space. Also, since the body is extended in three dimensional space, it can be divided into specific parts, the mind however does not occupy space and cannot be divided. The nature of the body according to Descartes was that, unlike the mind it was divisible. 8 â€Å"There is a great difference between mind and body, inasmuch as body is by nature always divisible, and the mind is entirely indivisible. â€Å"19 How then an immaterial mind (that Descartes denied had a location in space) moves a physical body that does, how a body consisting of space-occupying matter influence an immaterial mind remains a philosophical problem, I dare say, beyond any discuss in the philosophy of mind, a metaphysical problem that the whole discipline of philosophy up till date is yet to find a solution to. 18 ‘Rene Descartes. ’ n. p. 2002. ttp://www. renedescartes. com/essay/rene_descartes_essay_001. htm (accessed April 13,2013). 19 ibid. Further Readings Meditations on First Ph ilosophy in which are demonstrated the existence of God and the distinction between the human soul and body Rene Descartes Copyright  ©2010–2015 All rights reserved. Jonathan Bennett Foundationalism, Epistemic Principles, and the Cartesian Circle James Van Cleve The Philosophical Review Vol. 88, No. 1 (Jan. , 1979), pp. 55-91 Published by: Duke University Press Article Stable URL: http://www. jstor. org/stable/2184779

Produce an international marketing plan that will introduce a consumer Assignment

Produce an international marketing plan that will introduce a consumer brand sold in your home market into a country in which it is currently not available - Assignment Example Since then it has continued to command a competitive market edge despite the competition from Zhujiang and Yanjing, the major Chinese beer brands in the US. Tsingtao Brand at the moment is present in more than fifty countries in the world (Yang, 2007) and the international market for the beer has proven feasibility and great ROI. This paper seeks to highlight the possibility of venturing into the England market. The paper is simply a marketing plan for the introduction of the Tsingtao brand into the England market and aims extensively at analyzing the situation at the England beer market and a SWOT analysis to establish the feasibility of the brand in the market. Further, the paper aims to offer the best marketing mix and marketing strategies that will aid in the best anticipated performance of the brand in the market. Tsingtao has performed stunningly well in the markets it has been introduced to. For instance, in the US, the brand continues to perform very well not to mention its acceptable market share in the local Chinese market. England as the new target market for the beer appears a formidable market which can equally be competitive. This is basically because of the country’s economic status; it is the second largest economy in Europe and fifth in the world. It is considered as the center of world economics and tops the chemical and pharmaceutical sectors, technical industries such as aerospace and hardware/software manufacture. Certainly, England is one of the most greatly industrialized countries in the world. The fact that the beer has performed particularly well in the US which is another world’s strongest economy is a clear marker that the beer can equally survive the beer market competition in England. There happens to be a favorable economic infrastructure in England which is favorable for a better market

Music alone by Peter Kivy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Music alone by Peter Kivy - Essay Example Taking the example of sad music, it can be said that music is sad in its quality of having sadness as a solid property just like an egg has an oval shape and white color as apparent properties. This approach gives emotions a defined function. Hence, this essay tends to highlight how Kivy shows that music doesn’t arouse emotions rather it defines them i.e. what type of emotions does music make us experience. On pg 40-41, the stimulation model is not embraced by Kivy as it doesn’t account for the mental aspect of listening to music or relating to it. It can be understood from how Kivy illustrates though Tibby’s addiction and arousal. It is limited to arousal and feelings where as Kivy rightly believes that the mind is equally active while music listening. Arousal occurs like a sort of pleasure that is experienced with sugar or favorite foods or as Kivy says on p.40 â€Å"as drugs stimulate euphoria†. This does not answer the artistic or moral sense of suitab ility which makes it seem morally fitting that we hear serious music when serious while lighthearted music when lighthearted. If we look it through the perspective of Kivy, it is explained that the listeners and individuals say emotional utterances, such as "How amazing" or show movements like Mrs Munt taps her feet, but it is undoubtedly not these responses to music that the listeners are observing and analyzing in their minds. This does not occur â€Å"mindlessly†. These descriptions of music are cognitive but not emotive. For instance, a popular quote from Kivy is, "Sadness is a quality of the music, not a power of the music to do things to the listener" Kivy rejects stimulation model because it largely ignores the conscious and unconscious features of music listening that Kivy elaborates on pg.43. In the unconscious process, ‘expectations are aroused, fulfilled and frustrated’. The weaknesses of the stimulation model are the strengths on the representation model. The representational model of music paints a picture, imitates non musical sounds or tells a story in a song. All these aspects must be included to deduce pleasure from the integrated cognitive experience of music which is not limited to a stimulus for the nervous system. Simply put, the music becomes a cognitive experience because the listener like Tibby perceives the representation in music. The stimulation is on the right only if it has no content; this way it will have no meaning and the listener will have nothing to register or retrieve in his mind. In this light, the stimulation model is right in saying music arouses emotion but music without content. Kiv y verifies his stance yet again by extracting the intellectual aspect of ‘counting’ from Leibniz’s account p.38, (Kivy 1990). Kivy’s representational model is quite convincing especially when the reader reads the entire account in detail; if one applies the theory to different passages of music, one can clearly navigate the cognitive elements. The effect of music, as the stimulation suggests cannot be determined by the impact on the listeners’ sense organs. Emotions have their own physiological component and it cannot be confused as a result of music (Kivy 1990). Otherwise, the stimulation model just attempts to be reductionist in a sense, because it does not focus on the intellectual functioning that occurs during the listening of music especially repetitive listening or in the case of the infant as Kivy highlights

Benjamin Franklin Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Benjamin Franklin - Essay Example Franklin as a discoverer, he is well known for discovering the lightning rod, bifocals, and the Franklin stove. Franklin also assisted in many civic associations such as the Philadelphia’s fire department and a university. Franklin faced many challenges that he managed to overcome to achieve his goals. For instance, one of the most complicated challenges he experienced was when he appeared before the House of Commons that took place on 13 February 1766 (Isaacson, 2004). The House asked him one hundred and seventy four questions regarding taxation without representation in a limit of only two hours. There were also more series of problems that he faced; his father took him out of school when he was still young so that he could do a job and earn some money, which he was never pleased with that decision because he really liked going to school (Clark, 2004). He also faced another irritating challenge when he was at the age of 17 years for being overweight. He was extremely well-built and skinny because he spent most of his time swimming and trying to be more sporty during the last days of his life, and trying to coach other people on the basics of swimming even when he was seventy years old. Franklin was also mocked, dishonored and was ousted from his position as the postmaster general, and was held responsible by the British government for the Boston Tea Party (Clark, 2004). He was also not so good in academic work and he did not do well in academics more so in mathematics that he was scoring very low grades. Benjamin Franklin helped in major contributions and accomplishments in the history of the Unite States. For example, he was one of the founding Fathers of the U.S., assisted in the drafting of both the declaration of independence and constitution of the U.S., which was the most significant achievement of his life (McCormick, 2008). He came from a poor background and through his efforts and hard works; he became one of the great figures in the American

Cultural discussion Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Cultural discussion - Research Paper Example Furthermore, the nurse must consider that Mrs. Nasser’s daughter already has high fever and needs immediate attention. She should accentuate to Mrs. Nasser that she cannot prescribe medicine without understanding the cause of her daughter’s symptoms. In addition, since her daughter is a minor, we cannot force Mrs. Nasser to authorize tests and procedures that she does not want for her daughter. The recommendations for the nurse are: 1) She should inform Mrs. Nasser that her daughter needs immediate clinical attention for her fever and discomfort and that she will try to get a Muslim female physician/gynecologist for her to appease her cultural reservations. If no Muslim female doctor is available, she will tell her that she will try to get a female doctor. If no female doctor is available, then they will find a male doctor and ensure that all examinations will be done with her mother present (Lo, 2009, p.335). The nurse can also remind Mrs. Nasser that ‘necessity overrides the prohibition,’ which is a rule of Islamic Sariah. 2) The nurse can suggest other kinds of examinations to rule out possible causes of diseases, such as physical examination, where if a male physician does it, he will do it with gloves on and in the presence of Mrs. Nasser. Other options are taking rectum samples and doing an ultrasound. 3) The nurse must be sincere and responsive to the cultural and religious beliefs of Mrs. Nasser. She must discuss these various laboratory testing options to her, so that she feels that she has the autonomy to make decisions for her daughter. This will build trust too, which is essential, noting that Mrs. Nasser is scared for her daughter, but wants to remain true to her cultural/religious beliefs. Reference Lo, B. (2009). Resolving ethical dilemmas: A guide for clinicians (4th ed.). Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams, & Wilkins. Cuban Discussion Food is considered part of people’s culture, which is why it is not surprisin g that Mrs. Demetilla Hernandez wants to continue cooking traditional Cuban dishes to her family. Cuban food affirms her Cuban identity. Cubans strongly value family needs too, which is why Mrs. Hernandez prefers to cook traditional Cuban dishes, though they might not be good for her, after being diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes. She might think that the happiness and satisfaction of her family is more important than her health. Furthermore, as a traditional Cuban woman, Mrs. Hernandez might have more faith in herbs than medicine. It is possible that she is used to drinking herbs to manage her former illnesses. In addition, there must be some language barriers too. She might not understand the lifestyle changes required to keep her blood sugar level close to normal. She needs to absorb the complications of unmanaged Type 2 Diabetes, such as heart and blood vessel disease, nerve damage (neuropathy), and foot damage, among others. Language barriers, cultural beliefs, and diet concerns m ust be addressed. The recommendations for the nurse are: 1) If she knows Spanish, she should speak in Spanish with Mrs. Hernandez and explain to her what Type 2 Diabetes is and what the possible complications are. If not, she should get a Spanish nurse to help her or refer her to a Spanish doctor who can help explain the lifestyle changes needed to manage her blood sugar l

Sales Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Sales Management - Essay Example Sales ethics has received a great amount of attention and care since sales persons are required to demonstrate at their best at all times. Sales ethics is deemed as an oxymoron but this is not really the case. Ethics and sales management are inter-linked because the sales people are responsible for maintaining ethical and moral obligations which would form the basis of success in an organization. This is also dependent on the sales management regimes where focus is on making sales through proper measures and undertakings. This paper shall study the basis of sales ethics being an oxymoron or otherwise, however the emphasis is on understanding that sales ethics can bring in the results that are envisaged of it in the long run. Ethics – Defined Before moving ahead any further, it is of paramount significance to comprehend that ethics shall always take into consideration the moral ground or the real basis through which actions and behaviors are done. This is indeed something that goes down well with the stakeholders and finds the best way to move forward with them. Ethics shall always comprise of the different ways and means through which behaviors are measured and actions are gauged. What exactly are the Sales Ethics Understandings? The ethical discussions within the quarters of sales come about in an apparent manner when the talk of retailers and customers is done. This is because they are the ones for whom the entire process of sales is carried out. It is the philosophical study related with the moral value of conduct of the human beings as well as the very rules and principles which form the covering behind the same. Sales ethics is all about decision-making, as it decides the good and the bad under the aegis of making a sale or devising strategies to induce sales. It is a fact that sales ethics deals with the norms that come directly under the ethical bases as dictated by any society of the world1. The only difference however from the ethical debates is that there is more business related inputs in sales ethics than in any other place. It would be correct to state that the sales ethics is being governed by morality within business more than anything else. It is for this reason that sales ethics is the talk of the town as far as the business circles are concerned. The topic of sales ethics is receiving a lot of attention these days because it has meant so much for the business regimes. They have focused a great deal on the incorporation of sales ethics within their business processes, actions and behaviors. Comprehending the True Role of Sales Behavior Specifically speaking, sales ethics is derived from the sales management organizations which are doing their best to remain clean from a business standpoint. Their activities are being closely judged by employees, the stakeholders, other competitors and indeed the entire related industrial realms. For this matter, sales ethics holds a lot of significance for the business under consid eration because it pinpoints the basis of growth and development for an organization in terms of its ethical manifestations2. No matter how large or small the decisions are with regards to the business, the sales ethics premise receives criticism as much as applause if there is less or more ethical incorporation within the related realms. For this reason, sales ethics is now being seen as the most contemporary form of sales behavior which is on the round these days. It has to its credit quite a few instances which have been discussed by business management gurus and professionals within their working circles. Sales ethics is for the benefit of all concerned – the company, the employees and the customers in essence. It is always a good endeavor to have as much

Environment Case Information Technology Coursework

Environment Case Information Technology - Coursework Example Technology is catching up with humanity. Microsoft (2010) studied a business model called the hybrid organisation. It is a company designed to maximize their human resources through smart design of buildings, adopt a flexible approach to where work gets done, seek long-term goals rather than fill in short-term scorecards, and reject (or at least question) outmoded practices such as rigorous groups and roles. The findings indicate that the organisation is best positioned to take whatever the economy and other external stimuli had to throw at them. The case of Hydro-Quebec’s radical IT management change in the last two decades is reflective of such case. More out of necessity, rather than choice, it restructured its IT Management to adapt to the new government rules and customer demands. Fortunately for them, they did it early and they did it successfully. Not only were they able to retain their leadership, they were also able to stay ahead of any threat in all its core business es. IT Management is highly affected by internal and external factors but the two are often hard to segregate. Bullish Globalization Globalization refers to the increased integration and fusion of economy and society between countries that result to a better flow of international finance. By opening up markets, organizations get access to a variety of business products and services which allows them to have superior competitive position with lower operating costs, to gain greater numbers of products and services. The end beneficiary is supposed to be the consumers. Hydro-Quebec experienced the first blow of globalization when the U.S. electricity market was deregulated, the Federal Energy Regulation Commission (FERC) required that companies wanting to sell electricity on the American market must open theirs to American suppliers. Their leadership on the production and distribution of electricity in Quebec was threatened so they were forced to reorganize. They set up five divisions: Production, TransEnergie, Distribution, Equipement, Petrole et gaz, and Technologie et developpement industriel (Dube, Bernier, & Roy, 2007). Each division was responsible for its own profitability but they were still to work under the same company. They decided to set up Shared Services Centre (SSC), a unit responsible for the procurement and services as well as the IT department. They decided to keep 100 percent of their IT management and operations within the company. They didn’t yet see the need to go out or outsource. Their business didn’t go beyond Quebec and America anyway. Other companies didn’t have that luxury. Procter & Gamble, DuPont, Cisco Systems, ABN Amro, Unilever, Rockwell Collins, and Wyeth Pharmaceuticals are some of the companies that enjoy the benefits of globalization. While they remain a US company, their manufacturing center, clinic operation, research and development, customer service, and Business Process divisions are all in Asia (Enga rdio,2006). When labour cost is Asia is less than a twentieth of the labour cost in their home country (Bureau of Labor & Statistics, 2011), there really seems no other intelligent option but to shift operation. There will be infrastructure changes, of course, like setting up high speed connection between countries, training new people, and buying new software but even if you multiply those costs by two, you still wouldn’t come close to the efficiency you will get. Efficiency of Technology Accenture’

Effectiveness of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) in the workplace Research Paper - 1

Effectiveness of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) in the workplace - Research Paper Example Harris, Lynette, Alan Tuckman, and Jereme Snook. 2012. "Supporting Workplace Dispute Resolution in Smaller Businesses: Policy Perspectives and Operational Realities". The International Journal of Human Resource Management. 23, no. 3: 607-623. This study was conducted in order to identify the different ways of resolving disputes used by small business entrepreneurs. The researchers identified that ADR has several benefits to offer to small business to both the employer and employees but there is lack of knowledge of ADR concept. Another issue is their failure to defend the solution of ADR in case litigation takes place. Emerson, Robert D., R. Edward Minchin, and Stephen Gruneberg. 2013. "Workers’ Compensation in Construction: Workers’ Benefits Under Alternative Dispute Resolution Systems". Journal of Legal Affairs and Dispute Resolution in Engineering and Construction. 5, no. 3: 113-121. This research was conducted in order to identify the effectiveness of ADR in case of helping workers obtain benefits and compensation. The researchers identified that the levels of benefits gained through ADR were lower and so was the chances of attaining the benefits. The researchers even identified that when attorneys were involved in ADR case, it was easier to obtain employee benefits. This research was conducted in order to identify how ADR is used in different organizations in different regions. Furthermore it tried to identify the outcomes that have taken place as a result of adopting ADR. The research even focused on the issues connected with the use of ADR in workplace. Brubaker, David, Cinnie Noble, Richard Fincher, Susan Kee-Young Park, and Sharon Press. 2014. "Conflict Resolution in the Workplace: What Will the Future Bring?" Conflict Resolution Quarterly. 31, no. 4: 357-386. This research was conducted in order to exhibit the trends of the use of ADR in solving conflicts that are taking place in organizations and the article even

Evaluating Speaker Credibility Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Evaluating Speaker Credibility - Assignment Example Her observations in her job as a policewoman greatly influence her beliefs such that it makes her trustworthy in speaking about the issue. 2. Citing evidences from the US Supreme Court cases helps enhance her persuasiveness. On the other hand, the evidences may not be effective in defending her opinions especially in delivering her speech. If she does not seem confident in delivering all the facts that she was able to gather, her advocacy may be stronger and more trustworthy. Death penalty for juveniles is a critical issue. Her confidence in delivering the facts demonstrates her own beliefs. If she looks hesitant, then, it only shows how unsure she is of her own findings and beliefs. 3. Darlene’s experiences in the juvenile crime unit contribute to her credibility to speak about the topic, as much as the evidences she obtained based from the US Supreme Court. Although she may appear hesitant in presenting these facts, the obvious reason that she had been through close encounters with the victims of such issue is already enough for her to become sincere in her convictions. Her responsibility, which is believed to arrest law offenders, also allows her to be an advocate of a law that recognizes human rights. 4. In order to convince people that one is credible to speak of an issue or even just his own opinion, he must be well-aware of these evidences and therefore must be confident in delivering them to the public. Darlene must study in detail the facts that she should present. She should also be able to connect the facts presented into different areas that also concern the issue in order to strengthen her convictions. This would give the audience the idea that she knows exactly what she is talking

Assessment Tool Essay Example for Free

Assessment Tool Essay †¢ Assessment is an ongoing process that includes collecting, synthesizing and interpreting information about pupils, the classroom and their instruction. †¢ Testing is one form of assessment that, appropriately applied, systematically meas- ures skills such as literacy and numeracy. †¢ While it does not provide a complete picture, testing is an important tool, for both its efficiency and ability to measure prescribed bodies of knowledge. †¢ Alternative or â€Å"authentic† forms of assess- ment can be culturally sensitive and pose an alternative to testing, but they require a larger investment in establishing criteria for  judging development and training evaluators. †¢ Child assessment has value that goes well beyond measuring progress in children – to evaluating programs, identifying staff development needs and planning future instruction. †¢ The younger the child, the more difficult it is to obtain valid assessments. Early develop- ment is rapid, episodic and highly influenced by experience. Performance on an assessment is affected by children’s emotional states and the conditions of the assessment. Policy Recommendations: †¢ Require that measures included in an assess- ment be selected by qualified professionals  to ensure that they are reliable, valid and appropriate for the children being assessed. †¢ Develop systems of analyses so that test scores are interpreted as part of a broader assessment that may include observations, portfolios, or ratings from teachers and/or parents. †¢ Base policy decisions on an evaluation of data that reflects all aspects of children’s development – cognitive, emotional, social, and physical. †¢ Involve teachers and parents in the assess- ment process so that children’s behaviors and abilities can be understood in various contexts and cooperative relationships among families and school staff can be  fostered. †¢ Provide training for early childhood teachers and administrators to understand and inter- pret standardized tests and other measures of learning and development. Emphasize precautions specific to the assessment of young children. NIEER Assessment of preschool-age children who may not reliably or uniformly respond to inquiry has been the subject of much debate. The growing emphasis on testing young children as a means of holding programs accountable for their learning has intensified the discussion. Though there are legitimate concerns regarding standardized testing, it and other forms of assessment are necessary  components of all high-quality early education programs. Properly conceived assessments are important to understanding and sup- porting young children’s development. They are also essential to documenting and evaluating how effectively programs are meeting young children’s educational needs. For assessments to be effective, they must be practical, cost-efficient and meet reasonable standards of efficiency and validity. Testing usually involves a series of direct requests for children to perform, within a set amount of time, specific tasks designed and administered by adults. These tasks have predetermined answers. Alternative forms of assessment are more open-ended and often look at performance over an extended period. Examples include structured observations, portfolio analyses of individual and collaborative work, and teacher and parent ratings of children’s behavior. What Can Be Learned Assessment can provide the following four types of information for and about children and their parents, teachers and programs: †¢ Screen children to see if they need intervention—particularly when par- ents and teachers suspect a problem. †¢ Plan instruction for individuals and groups of children. †¢ Identify program improvement and staff development needs. †¢ Evaluate how well a program is meet- ing goals and needs for children. Data should be aggregated to determine whether desired outcomes are being achieved. Why Assessment is Important Preschool Policy Facts â€Å"Assessment is the process of collecting, synthesizing and interpreting information to aid classroom decision-making. It includes information gathered about pupils, instruction and classroom climate. â€Å"Testing is a formal, systematic procedure for gathering a sample of pupils’ behavior. The results of a test are used to make generalizations about how pupils would have performed on similar but untested behaviors. † — Peter Airasian, Assessment in the Classroom 2 The quality of an assessment depends in part on decisions made before any meas- ure is administered to a child. Project designers should be able to explain why specific measures are used and what they hope to learn from the results. Assess- ment strategies can be formal (standard- ized testing) or informal (observation, portfolios, teacher and parent ratings). The selection of a strategy is guided by the purposes and goals of the assess- ment and is also affected by the available resources in terms of time, money and staff. Formal and informal assessment  strategies each have strengths and weak- nesses. Therefore, a comprehensive assessment requires a multi-method approach in order to encompass the many dimensions of children’s skills and abilities. Standardized Testing †¢Most rigid of assessment strategies, places the greatest constraints on chil- dren’s behavior. Considered objective, time- and cost-efficient, and suitable for making quantitative comparisons of aggregated data across groups. †¢ Preschoolers’ performance is highly influenced by children’s emotional states and experiences, sometimes causing unstable scores over time. Most individual tests of cognitive  ability must be administered in a controlled, relatively quiet area. Observations †¢ Intrude minimally into children’s activities, which naturally integrate all dimension of development— intellectual, motivational, social, physical, aesthetic, etc. †¢ Should be used to complete develop- mental scales of proven reliability and validity, they are not sufficient alone. Portfolios †¢ Involve multiple sources and methods of data collection, and occur over a representative period of time. A collection of student work, the process provides richer information than standardized tests. †¢ Encourage collaboration – between  students, teachers, and parents – and integrate assessment with instruction and learning. Teacher Ratings †¢Can be used to assess children’s cogni- tive and language abilities as well as social and emotional development. †¢ Can be specifically related to other types of assessments, including stan- dardized test scores, other validated assessment tools, or global assessments of children’s traits. Parent Ratings †¢ Encourage parents to observe and listen to their children. †¢Inform parents about the important behaviors and milestones in young children’s development and allows teachers to involve parents as partners  in assessment. Assessment Methods Preschool Policy Facts 3 Issues and positions involving assessment are summarized in a document from the National Association for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC) and the National Association of Early Childhood Specialists in State Departments of Education (NAECS/SDE) titled Early Childhood Curriculum, Assessment and Program Evaluation: Building an Effective, Accountable System in Programs for Children Birth through Age 8. Given the pervasive use of testing and its probable expansion, when and under what conditions can this type of assessment be used appropriately with preschool-age  children? What characteristics of tests and their administration will guarantee that we â€Å"do no harm† to children and that we â€Å"do help† adults acquire valid informa- tion? Also, given that even the most well-designed tests can provide only limited data, how can we maximize the use of non-test assessments so they add valuable information beyond that obtained through standardized testing procedures? To produce meaningful data and minimize the risk of creating a harmful situation, all assessment tools for preschool-age children, whether formal or informal, should satisfy the following criteria: †¢ Assessment should not threaten children’s self-esteem, make them feel they have failed, or penalize them for what they do not know. †¢ Information should be obtained over time, or if time-distributed measurements are not feasible, unusual circumstances in the situation (e. g. , noise) or child (e. g. , fatigue) should be noted to avoid invalid, single-encounter results. †¢ Information should be obtained on the same content area from multiple and diverse sources, such as standardized tests, classroom observations and parent ratings, especially when repeated instances of data gathering are not feasible. †¢ The length of the assessment should be sensitive to young children’s interests and attention spans and therefore should probably not exceed 35-45 minutes. †¢ Testing for purposes of program accountability should be administered to a representative sample of students whenever feasible to reduce the overall time spent in testing and to minimize the chances for placing undue stress on children and burden on teachers and classrooms. Reliable and Valid Preschool Assessment To be reliable and valid, standardized testing should: †¢ Contain enough items to allow scores to represent this diverse range of indi-  vidual ability, in order to identify and distinguish among children of low, average and high levels of ability. †¢ Take place in a controlled environment that at least approximates the condi- tions experienced by the population on which the measure was standardized. †¢ Be administered by appropriately trained examiners who are familiar with testing materials and procedures and with working with young children. To obtain scores that resemble natural performance, informal assessments should: †¢ Take place in or simulate the natural environment in which the behavior being evaluated occurs to avoid meas-  uring the child’s response to an artifi- cial environment rather than the child’s ability to perform on the content. †¢ Be conducted by an assessor who is knowledgeable regarding the assess- ment materials and familiar with the children being assessed. When an outside researcher or evaluator must administer the assessment, it is best if the individual spends time in the classroom beforehand. †¢ Measure real knowledge in the context of real activities, resembling children’s ordinary activities as closely as possible. In addition, parent or teacher ratings should evaluate naturally occurring  behavior. †¢ Be conducted as a natural part of daily activities rather than as a time-added or pullout activity. This fact sheet is based on the policy brief â€Å"Preschool Assessment: A Guide to Developing a Balanced Approach† by Ann S. Epstein, Lawrence J. Schweinhart, Andrea DeBruin-Parecki and Kenneth B. Robin. The brief includes full references and is available at www. nieer. org. It was made possible by the generous support of The Pew Charitable Trusts. The opinions expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of The Pew Charitable Trusts. Preschool Policy Facts.

Governance And Ethics In Global Environment Business Essay

Governance And Ethics In Global Environment Business Essay This Assignment is part of ABE post graduate diploma and it is based on the British Petroleum plc a well known natural oil and gas industries. This assignment covers three main areas which include: Corporate Strategy, Governance and Ethics in the Global Environment. Module for ABE (PGD) Business Management assignment. This Assignment highlights and discusses about the ethical and corporate governance factors which are currently affecting the BP. By analyzing internal andexternal resources, environment, governance and ethics of the companyin complete. Evaluating how effectively the BP is managing these factors to achieve its corporate goals. To address the three main areas the assignment has been divided into 4-5 parts: 2.0 INTRODUCTION British Petroleum p.l.c (formerly known as Anglo-Persian Oil Company) is a registered oil and natural gas industry established on 14th April 1909 in United Kingdom. According to BP ultimate (2012), during theearly 1900s the search for oil was began by the Shah of Iran which was discovered in the mid of 1908 and it was known as the first major find in the Middle East. Its also say that BP was considered as a subsidiary of Burmah Oil Company under the name of Anglo-Persian Oil Company (APOC). However in 1935 it became as the Anglo-Iranian oil company (AIOC). After 45 years of flourishing services, in 1954 the company got registered by the name today we know which is the British Petroleum p.l.c. Although BP does not have a specifically labeled mission statement BPhas published a statement identifying its core interest is said to be progressive, responsible, innovative and performance driven (About.com retail industry, 2012).Each of these words in the statement being the main target of the company, describes its missions. These in general states that Bp creates a user friendly environment between them and their customers and also Bp would like to ensure that the products that they invent would be environmental friendly. British Petroleum plc (BP) markets its products in more than  70 countries and operates  22,400 gas stations worldwide with over nearly 80,000 employees. Being the worlds  third-largest energy company and fourth-largest in terms of revenues  integrated oil concern, It is  vertically-integrated  and is active in every area of the oil and gas industry, including  exploration  and production,  refining,  distribution and marketing,  petrochemicals,  powergeneration  and  trading. It also has major  renewable energy  activities, including in  bio fuels,  hydrogen,  solar  and  wind power (Corporate Watch, n.d). Today BP explores for oil and gas in  30 countries and has proventhat they reserves approximately 18.1 billion barrels of oil equivalent. Moreover, according to Corporate Watch (n.d) they are the largest oil and gas producer in the US and also a top refiner, with stakes in 16 refineries, processing  4 million barrels of crude oil per day. 3.0 METHOD OF INVESTIGATION Main source of information regarding the various strategies adopted by BP to confront competitive and unforeseen challenges like, Gulf of Mexico oil spills disasters was acquired through. BPwebsites, publicationsand International Oil Spill Conference served as the main sources of information on government policies, regulations and laws. Oil drilling regulationsand policiesare taken fromUK, USAand international oil and energy reports and periodic statistical reports published online. Apart from this,Bp annual reports 2011,articles, journal articles, websites, books and magazines. 4.0Literature review Integrated approach to good governance in the interests of a wide range of stakeholdershaving regard to the fundamental principles of good financial, social, ethical and environmental practice. Other developments over the past 10 years which have propelled CSR onto thegovernance agenda include publication of the Association of British Insurers (ABI)Disclosure Guidelines on Socially Responsible Investment (2001) (see page 24 fordetails) and the UK Turnbull report: Internal Control, Guidance for Directors on the Combined Code (2001), the latter which asks companies to consider the following:Are the significant internal and external operational, financial, compliance and otherrisks identified and assessed on an ongoing basis? (Significant risks may, for example,include those related to market, credit, liquidity, technological, legal, health, safety andenvironmental, reputation, and business probity issues).5 In Canada, for example, the Canadian Council of Chief Executives (CCCE), seeking to instill public confidence in capital markets and the enterprise system on the heels of the corporate scandals, published a statement, Governance, Values and Competitiveness: A Commitment to Leadership in 2002. They laid out their views on corporate governance, Facts, findings, discussion and analysis with suitable sections and headings; 5.0 Findings Situational Analysis The oil industry has shown great resilience in the face of competitive disasters and the fast evolving (PESTLE): political, social and economic climates, technological environment, Legal and Ecological. According to Cooper et al 1994, it is state critical that the necessary information about the internal and external environment be gathered before a constructive criticism is made. He also argues that the findings are a very minimum to cover the bases of PESTLE investigation, that is to examine the political, economic, social, technological, legal and Ecological changes that may affect the company and the market. Governments provide and enforce the rules including regulations and policies due to Gulf of Mexico oil spill, government are drafting more laws and regulations would required that drilling perform independent audits and hazard assessment designed to reduce accidents caused by Technological and human errors(Alan Levin, USA TODAY Updated  5/10/2010 4:48 PM  ).See PESTLE in Appendix 1,2. 5.1 Political factors: These refer to government policy such as the degree of intervention in the economy BP had one of the biggest engineering, logistical and financial problems the oil industry had ever faced, but the company was up to the challenge. BP also faced a massive political problem, perhaps the biggest such crisis for an oil company operating in the United States since Teddy Roosevelt broke up John D. Rockefellers Standard Oil. BPs failure to grasp the fact that its biggest challenge was in Washington, not the Gulf, has led to a series of gaffes and strategic communications errors that have inflamed public opinion, fanned the political firestorm and dragged the companys share price ever lower the spill cleanup to cost under $30 billion BPs market capitalization is down $100 billion, on expectations it will face fines of up to $30 billion as well as curbs on its business in the United States, its most important market. BPs handling of the spill from a crisis management perspective will go down in history as one of the great examples of how to make a situation worse by bad communications, said Michael Gordon, of New York-based crisis PR firm Group Gordon Strategic Communications. It was a combination of a lack of transparency, a lack of straight talking and a lack of sensitivity to the victims. When youre managing an environmental disaster of this magnitude you not only have to manage the problem but also manage all the stakeholders. The company also failed to tackle its image as a serial safety and environmental offender. That was especially true in the United States where regulators had blamed both a 2005 refinery blast that killed 15 workers and pipeline leaks in Alaska in 2006 on cost-cutting. BPs inability to precisely describe the improvements it has made in its safety and operational culture took us by surprise, BP would have faced public anger and political pressure Dispute on Iran and other middle east countries causes instability on Stock market prices and the crude oil price will 5.2 Economic factors: These include interest rates, taxation changes, economic growth, inflation and exchange rates. As you will see throughout the Foundations of Economics book economic change can have a major impact on a firms behavior. For example:                         higher interest rates may deter investment because it costs more to borrow                         a strong currency may make exporting more difficult because it may raise the price in terms of foreign currency                         inflation may provoke higher wage demands from employees and raise costs                         higher national income growth may boost demand for a firms products Current economical crisis and Euro zone, economic crisis is affecting the BP corporative objective of the company 5.3 Technological factors: New technologies create new products and new processes to drills deep sea. This will increase efficiency and cost effective way to carried out BP business. Latest technology improves BP production and environmental friendly way to operate its business. 5.4 Environmental and Ecological factors: Environmental factors include the weather and climate change. Changes in temperature can impact on many industries including farming, tourism and insurance. With major climate changes occurring due to global warming and with greater environmental awareness this external factor is becoming a significant issue for firms to consider. The growing desire to protect the environment is having an impact on many industries such as the travel and transportation industries (for example, more taxes being placed on air travel and the success of hybrid cars) and the general move towards more environmentally friendly products and processes is affecting demand patterns and creating business opportunities. When an oil slick from a large oil spill reaches the beach, the oil coats and clings to every rock and grain of sand. If the oil washes into coastal marshes, mangrove forests or other wetlands, fibrous plants and grasses absorb the oil, which can damage the plants and make the whole area unsuitable as wildlife habitat.Other Ecological factors include the wildlife animal, marine environment, High Dolphin Deaths, fishing birds and lots of fishes move from that area. 5.4 Legal factors: These are related to the legal environment in which firms operate. In recent years in the UK there have been many significant legal changes that have affected firms behavior. The introduction of age discrimination and disability discrimination legislation, an increase in the minimum wage and greater requirements for firms to recycle are examples of relatively recent laws that affect an organizations actions. Legal changes can affect a firms costs (e.g. if new systems and procedures have to be developed) and demand (e.g. if the law affects the likelihood of customers buying the good or using the service). 6.0 CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY   After the Gulf of Mexico oil spilling incident BP investing billion on Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is now prominent and evident more than ever due to the emphasis laid on businesses regarding environmental, social and ethical issues. This is because over the recent years, there have been social, political, ecological and economic pressures on corporate management to pay attention on social and environmental consequences of corporate activities. These pressures motivated the corporate management to actively participate in a wide range of social welfare activities. CSR now-a-days covers almost all issues like the use of child labor; inequality of employment; environmental impact; involvement in local community; products safety; company cultures; brand image and reputation. Apart from this, BPis now disclosing these activities in their annual reports, and one of the parameters to judge the performance of a BP is CSR reporting. CSR is defined by Naylor (1999) and mentioned in the work of Douglas  et al.  (2004) as the obligation of managers to choose and act in ways that benefit both the interests of the organization and those of society as a whole. Fraser (2005) describes CSR as sustainable development which needs to be carried out by all the publicly held companies. These companies need to be responsible not only for their shareholders, but also its stake holders like the employees, customers, suppliers, government and non-governmental organizations. The speech made by BP Senior Advisor Charles Nicholson in 2002 at the CSR Europe General assembly meeting: The boundaries to corporate social responsibility are conceptual. A companys primary responsibility is to its shareholders, to its owners. The boundaries are ideological. A company is not a government. It is not elected. It has no popular mandate. It mustnt confuse its role with the role of others. The boundaries are practical. A company has limited resources, limited expertise and limited reach. A company is not a panacea, a cure-all. The boundaries are influenced by self-interest. Business thrives if the society in which it operates thrives. To neglect this is to put at risk the interests of our shareholders. And however you look at it the boundaries are constantly changing. What was a boundary a few years ago is now a starting point. Bp is leading, accepting responsibilities and demonstrating to building community is a source of human progress through its CSR. At the most basic level it means delivering what we promise. It means being transparent in what we do. It means practicing universal standards of behavior and care and applying the skills we have and engaging constructively in society. Im not implying that business has complete answers. It doesnt, and one of the reasons for taking part in events like this one today is to listen to open a dialogue. Every company will also draw boundaries reflecting its own circumstances, of course. For most the key factors are experience and values. At BP weve defined our values in a document called What We Stand For. 7.0 CORPORATE GOVERNANCE Jonathan Lister (2003), function of Corporate Governance,corporate governance encompasses the policies, initiatives and practices a corporation uses to accomplish its business goals and develop its infrastructure. The functions of corporate governance begin with a corporations shareholders and are passed to the elected board of directors, who are then in charge of developing governance strategies for the company as a whole. According to bp.com/section generic article,Good governance involves the clarity of roles and responsibilities, and the proper utilization of distinct skills and processes. The board is responsible for the direction and oversight of BP on behalf of shareholders and is accountable to them, as owners, for all aspects of BPs business. The board believes that good governance involves the clarity of roles and responsibilities, and the proper utilization of distinct skills and processes. The board therefore focuses on activities that enable it to promote shareholders interests, such as the active consideration of strategy, the monitoring of executive action, and ongoing board and executive management succession. To achieve this, it has developed and approved a set of corporate governance principles which set out its approach in this area. Most writings on governance situate its evolution within the backdrop of the corporate governance scandals at companies such as Enron, WorldCom and Lehman Brothers these two decade and this financial crises, which drove a concern for accountability and transparency amongst corporate leaders and regulators. This, coupled with growing shareholder activism, changing societal expectations about the role of corporations, and the globalization of capital markets, has resulted in a proliferation of governance principles and codes of conduct over the past 15 years. According to experts.blogs.lincoln.ac.uk, the impact of the BP oil spill in Gulf of Mexico has resulted in a fallen its share value by 45% and drop in its credit rating, downgraded by rating agencies such as Moodys, Standard and Poor and Fitch. There are fears that the claims from Americas worst environmental disaster could reach $100 billion.To cover the cost of the Gulf of Mexico oil spill BP has divest some of its noncore assets and reduced its capital investment to raise cash to compensation. The market has analyzed the impact of the Corporate Governance (CG) practices of BP and adjusted accordingly. Corporate governance is a vital issue for firms in the global market. To raise funds to finance their domestic and international growth requires firms to demonstrate strong CG credentials, so that investors do not discount their stock. To ensure all the corporate governance practices BP following one tire board system. 8.0 ETHICS One of the biggest environmental disasters happened around this time. The BP oil spill has left  undeniable impressions on how we view oil drilling and non-renewable sources of energy. This has had a knock-on effect on CSR, PR and marketing. The BP spill is possibly the most high-profile CSR/PR disaster of recent times. It is true that BP has had a questionable safety record, but the spill could have happened to any of the companies operating a deep sea rig. It is the nature of the business and demand for oil has made it profitable for oil companies to take these risks. Of course BP has accepted blame, but it has resulted in PR disasters for the company that has ultimately reflected on its CSR profile as well. A year after the spill BP is still gunning to get back into oil drilling the Gulf of Mexico, this time with higher safety standards. There are still questions about what these standards might be. Residents in the area have reported various health problems.  Of the 954 residents in seven coastal communities, almost half said they had experienced health problems like coughing, skin and eye irritation, or headaches that are consistent with common symptoms of chemical exposure. The aftermath of the spill is still being felt especially on the marine life in the region which in turn affects many livelihoods in the area.   Hundreds of very endangered Kemps Ridley sea turtles have been washing ashore and dead dolphins are showing up at  10 times the normal rate. Right after the spill,  over 6,000 birds, 600 sea turtles and 160 dolphins were killed. Traces of oil have been found in the larvae of blue crabs and researchers have found carcinogens in the water. These carcinogens have also  percolated  through the food chain affecting Gulf shrimp and fish which have been shown to contain toxic hydrocarbons. More than 20% of the endangered blue fintuna spawn  were killed in the spill. Despite the clean-up efforts, the  oil spill has damaged fragile coral reefs and dispersants being absorbed by zoo plankton and fish. The  effects  of the spill in the marshes and coastal areas will still be felt for years to come. A year on, there are still reports of tar balls being washed ashore which no one can verify because BP does not give reporters access to the beach. A year on and the biggest CSR disaster is that BP still has not issued any reports with real transparency regarding their clean-up efforts, compensation and concerns of safety in their operations. 9.0 CONCLUSIONS Despite domestic and international competition PB has managed to retain its position into the Market. This is mainly due to BP ability to successfully implementing Corporativegovernance, CSR/PR and other major changes necessary to overcome the challenges faced by Gulf of Mexico. Second factor is even after this unexpected incident BP had certain exclusivities like market position, investing alternative energy, investing CSR, changing its safety standards, improving corporate governance, taking blames and paying off damages to local and international community might improve its business image. As now BP has completely lost its remaining exclusivities it will face new challenges from Russia and most of the Middle East Countries overchanges in political and economical condition. Therefore good corporate strategy, CSR and good governance will maintain oil price and Alternative energy. 10.0 RECOMMENDATION According to OECD report 2011, There are perceived threats to the BP as well as oil company in future it need to be more proactive to these changes , which can be perceive by the knowledgeable among the corporate: Even after facing major chellges faced by BP, had some exclusivity, with those exclusivities lost it may have to come up with strategies to compete in those areas especially in risk management safety and environmentally friendly way drill. Challenges will keep emerging for this, Bp needs to adopt a learning organization concept to be proactive to change and keep ahead of competition. Increase investment on alternative energy like biofuels, wind and keep close tie on Middle East countries may achieve its corporate strategies. Investing on emerging economies like India, chain and Brazil will give competitive advantages in the near future. Making strategy and policies towards on efficient combustion engines and power train technologies, including hybridization, combined with use of biofuels, could offer the quickest and most effective pathway to a secure sustainability To meet future challenges BP is changing its strategy towards on ethics, CSR and improving its corporate governance. 11. Works Cited Andrew, C and Dirk, M. (2007) Business Ethics: Managing Corporate Citizenship and Sustainability in the age of Globalization. Linda K.Trevino Katherine A.Nelson (2010) Managing Business Ethics Fifth Edition http://www.bp.com/liveassets/bp_internet/globalbp/STAGING/global_assets/downloads/I/IC_bp_strategy_presentation_march_2010_slides.pdf http://www.pikeresearch.com/research/pike-pulse-report-biofuels-commercialization-by-oil-majors http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/03/20/idUS71431+20-Mar-2012+BW20120320 http://experts.blogs.lincoln.ac.uk/2010/06/21/corporate-governance-the-bp-saga-and-a-travesty-of-justice/ http://www.afaanz.org/openconf/2011/modules/request.php?module=oc_proceedingsaction=view.phpa=Accept+as+Paperid=224 http://www.zdnet.com/blog/projectfailures/bp-oil-spill-leadership-and-it-failure/9901 http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2010/jun/02/gulf-oil-deepwater-sink-bp http://www.smh.com.au/business/us40b-share-slumpinvestors-sue-bp-20100525-w9e0.html http://www2.accaglobal.com/documents/bpcs.pdf http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-17243097 http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/bp-oil-spill http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/308388/20120303/deepwater-horizon-oil-spill-disaster-bp-transocean.htm http://www.oil-rig-spills.com/ http://www.crrc.unh.edu/deepwater_horizon_blowout/The_Gulf_War_Were_there_any_heroes_in_the_B%5B1%5D.pdf http://www.crrc.unh.edu/publications/RDworkshop-report_FINAL2011.pdf http://www.afaanz.org/openconf/2011/modules/request.php?module=oc_proceedingsaction=view.phpa=Accept+as+Paperid=224 http://www.transworldnews.com/815818/c1/bp-plc-strategy-swot-and-corporate-finance-report-new-company-profile http://www.usatoday.com/money/industries/energy/2010-05-09-drilling_N.htm Big Oil Revenue Equals More Than 10% of U.S. GDP Big Oil Revenue Equals More Than 10% of U.S. GDP http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20050615005396/en/BP-HSBC-RBS-UK-Companies-Awarded-Top http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/business/energy-environment/oil-petroleum-and-gasoline/index.html http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2010/nov/02/bp-oil-spill-costs-40-billion-dollars http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/10/17/us-bp-idUSTRE79G0WF20111017 http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2010/jun/07/bp-and-corporate-responsibility http://www.smartplanet.com/blog/smart-takes/corporate-social-responsibility-learning-from-the-bp-oil-spill/8055 http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/bp-celebrates-25th-anniversary-of-the-bp-community-scholarship-program-159405915.html http://www.justmeans.com/CSR-Disasters-BP-Spill-A-Year-On/48568.html http://www.mallenbaker.net/csr/CSRfiles/bp.html http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=13903534 11.0 SELF-EVALUATION I happen to come across lots of valuable research work carried by the respected scholar in this field throughout my effort to seek answers to various questions in this field that was not very clear. I noticed that when a difficult concept is assessed in various angles explored by scholars it widens the knowledge of that concept and gives an insight into the grounding of the concept in the field. I came across difficulties and the risk of operating business in global prospective, especially in field of oil business. Most importantly, how well ethicaland corporate governance will help to overcome the challenges facing modern business world.

Laboratory Report Experiment for Jigging

Laboratory Report Experiment for Jigging 1) INTRODUCTION: Jiging is one of the specific gravity separation methods.The method separate minerals of different specific gravity by their relative movement in response to gravity. Particle size is also important in jigging.If the feed is closely sized,it is easy to get good separation with narrow specific gravity range.Jigging is suitable for the sizes between 25 mm and 75 microns for minerals and suitable for 20 cm and 0.5 cm for coal. 2) THEORY: Jig is an open tank filled with water that has screen at the top and spigot or hutch compartment at the bottom.Jig bed may have heavy coarse material(ragging material) . Jigs have screen,stroke length hutch compartment under the screen and ragging,a layer of heavy material. There are two actions at work.First one is most important one that is the effect of hindered settling.When the slurry is subjected to several pulses before it exists the tailings weir of the jig,better separation will get. After repeated pulses,particles become stratified.Heavy materials are settle at the bottom and light particles settle at the top.The other action is the effect of the water.Upward flow of water separates particles by their specific gravity. Some conditions present in jigging action are; 1) Therminal Velocity: Initially particles have an acceleration and increasing velocity.When equilibrium is achieved,particles reach their terminal velocity and they settle down at constant rate. 2) Free Settling: The sinking of particles in fluid. 3) Hindered Settling: The hindered settling conditions prevail when the proportion of solids in the pulp increases.The effect of particle crowding becomes more apparent and falling rate of particles begins to decrease.The system begins to behave as a heavy liquid whose density is that of the pulp rather than that of the carrier liquid. Mechanisms; 1) Differential Initial Acceleration: The initial acceleration is dependent only on the densities of the solid and the fluid.It is necessaryu that short jigging cycle to separate small heavy particles to light particles. 2) Consolidation Trickling: In consolidation stage,where the large particles in the bed come close to each other leaving relatively large interstices filled with draining water running down as a result of the suction part of the strike. Separation may be achieved over the screen or trough the screen in jigging. The operation parameters of jigs are; 1) Dilution: It is the amount of water.High dilution is necessary to remove large quantity of materials. 2) Screen Aperture: It must be as large as possible,consistent with feed size to minimize resistance to flow. 3) Stroke and Frequency: Stroke is moving distance of the piston and it depends on particle size.Frequency is the number of stroke per time. 4) Feed Rate and Particle Size Range: Jigs have high unit capacity and can achieve good recovery in particle size under 150 pm. 3) OBJECTIVES: -To observe the stratification process -As a function of the value of concentration criteria,observing the rate of stratification -To observe the effect of the ragging material -To observe the effects of the operating variables 4) MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT: -multi compartment piston type laboratory jig steel balls as ragging material -crushed heavy mineral with the size of -3mm +0,5mm -crushed light material wit the size of -3mm +0,5mm -chromite 5) PROCEDURE: -prepare a mixture of heavy and light minerals -fill the jig wit hutch water -add the feed -add steel balls as ragging material -start the jig and observe the stratification -empty the stratified material -collect the light product 6) DISCUSSION: a) Jigs: The methods operate by differences in specific gravity. Jigs rely on stratification in a bed of coal when the carrying water is pulsed. The shale tends to sin, and the cleaner coal rises. The basic jig, Baum Jig, is suitable for larger feed sizes. Although the Baum Jig can clean a wide range of coal sizes, it is most effective at 10-35 mm. A modification of the Baum Jig is the Batac Jig which is used for cleaning fine coals. The coal is stratified by bubbling air directly through the coal-water-refuse mixture in this cleaning unit. For intermediate sizes the same principles are applied, although the pulsing may be from the side or from under the bed. In addition, a bed or hard dense mineral is used to enhance the stratification and prevent remixing. The mineral is usually feldspar, consisting of lumps of silicates of about 60 mm size. Jigs offer cost effective technology with a clean coal yield of 75-85% at about 34% ash content. The jigs are used more frequently than dense-medium vessels because of their larger capacities and cheaper costs. b) Baum jigs and Batac jigs: i) Baum jigs: A baum jig with a screen deck comprising, in combination, a number of water cisterns each having a feed end and a discharge end and arranged in a series-paralleled system withsymmetrical air chambers opened at the bottom and located beneath the screen deck transversely to the axis of the jig, said symmetrical air chambers comprising plates as sections of a cylindrical surface, the symmetry axes of said air chambers beingdeflected from the perpendicular by an angle of 5ÂÂ ° to 15ÂÂ ° toward said feed end, said chambers having asymmetric guide vanes displaceable in a horizontal direction. ii) Batac jigs: There is one decisive difference between an BATAC jig and a Baum jig: The water current is not generated in an air chambers are intermittently supplied with compressed air by an electronically controlled valve or flap system (pulse generator) . That air is intermittently discharged from the system (at atmospheric pressure) after completion of the upward stroke. Motion is imparted to the water inside the jig as a function of the pressure generated inside the air chambers. Moreover make-up water is added at the lowest location of every jigging chamber to intensify the upward current and to dampen the downward current. The feed is stratified according to its density by the pulsating motion of the water: when preparing coal, e.g., in refuse, middlings and clean coal. The heavy fraction of the stratified raw material is sensed by floats in accordance with the product qualities required. The system provides for controlled withdrawal of the heavy fraction over a discharge device. Jigging of great width are equipped with independently operating discharge devices fitted with separate sensor and hydraulic units. This configuration ensures optimal product qualities over the entire jig width even in case of non-uniform material distribution. The parts of the batac jig: inlet refuse outlet refuse collecting hopper middlings outlet middlings collecting hopper discharge devices clean coal overflow air chambers make-up water air-distributing tabes air-distributing tank waste-air collecting tank waste-air tubes with silencers valve control system Operating parameters of jigs: The monitoring and control of jig separators is effected by monitoring the time variation within a jig cycle of at least one operating parameter of the jig, and manipulating the operating parameter(s) to produce the sought after form of the time variation within the jig cycle. Operating parameters include bed voidage, water level, particle velocity in the bed and water or air pressure. c) An example of flow sheet: In the flow sheet below, you can see the details of this jigging process as it exists on a Superior mill floor. Copper rock from the stamp enters the classifier and is directed to one of four jig sieves. These jigs work in tandem and both copper and tailings are removed during the process (the T and C in the diagram) . The middlings are then sent on to a distributor box, which sends the tailings off to one of four series of refining jigs. More copper and tailings are removed as the middlings are sent on to the wash floor. 7) RESULTS: In this experiment, we have learned the working principle of the jig, the effect of the ragging layer, the stratification process, the effect of operating parameters of jigs. Jig separate the minerals by the effect of specific gravity, and some other forces such as hindered settlings of minerals etc. and the minerals has a layer (stratification) by means of an upward water and the help of the ragging layer. In addition, there are some parameters which effect the separation. They are design parameters such as stroke and frequency and operating parameters such as feed rate and particle size range. Furthermore, if we supply a narrow size range of the minerals to be separated, we can increase the effect of specific gravity and have a good separation.